Most of us think of coral reefs as these beautiful, colorful things found on the coast of Australia, in the Maldives, in the Caribbean, and in other exotic places like those. But there are also other types of coral reefs, and today we will be taking a closer look at a mesophotic coral reef that was recently found off the Adriatic coast in Italy.
A mesophotic coral reef is a coral reef that is found in areas with a low light penetration. It is relatively dark here, which allows for far less photosynthesis by algae compared to a regular coral reef found only a few meters below the sea level. The exact depth of the mesophotic coral reefs varies depending on the turbidity of the water, since a higher level of turbidity will reduce how far down the water column the light can penetrate. However, 30 to 40 meters below sea level is a good number, even though these types of reefs can go as far down as 200 meters in places with extremely clear water.
Two photos from the coral reef that was recently found in Italy (more on that below). Photo Giuseppe Corriero et al., published with CC BY 4.0.
Unlike the deep-water coral reefs, most mesophotic reefs do require light to get energy, and have other methods for getting this. The species found in these reefs are also different from both shallow water reefs and deep-water reefs. We know surprisingly little about the mesophotic coral reefs, even though they are found in most oceans around the world. It’s obviously pretty difficult to search the sea floor at 30+ meters down, which is likely the reason why we know so little about them.
The first coral reef in modern day Italy
A research team recently discovered a coral reef just outside the coast of a small city called Monopoli in Italy. This is the first coral reef ever found close to Italy, and is the very first mesophotic coral reef found in the Mediterranean Sea. The reef was found at 30-55m below sea level, and has a framework built from the two corals Phyllangia americana mouchezii and Polycyathus muellerae. It is about 2.5 kilometers long, enough to make it a real coral reef.
A map where the mesophotic coral reef was found. Image by Giuseppe Corriero et al., published with CC BY 4.0.
The species composition of the coral reef was unlike what the researchers said they would have expected from a mesophotic coral reef, which goes to show just how little we know about it. They found surprisingly few calcareous algae species there, which are typically one of the main reef builders, and instead found a reef dominated by invertebrates. Most of the reef-building organisms there lacked algal symbionts, which would be the organism responsible for converting sunlight into energy for the coral, and instead the research team believes that the reef is primarily supported by nutrients that are suspended in the water column. This means that the reef has a lot of similarities with deep-water coral reefs where there is next to no sunlight that reaches the reef.
A total of 153 benthic taxa were represented in the coral reef, where only 9 of them were algae. Most of the biodiversity was in the form of sponges (Porifera sp.), with 59 taxa, over 1/3 of all the species found in the reef. Like other coral reefs, so many different species in a single location is enough to consider it a biodiversity hotspot, even though the diversity is less than what you would find in a surface coral reef in the Pacific Ocean.
Coral reefs in the Mediterranean Sea
Coral reefs are generally very rare in the Mediterranean Sea these days, but they were very common if we go 60+ million years back in time. Anyway, these days we have about 200 species of corals in the Mediterranean. For comparison, there are about 500 species in all of Europe, and 5,600 species worldwide. A unique feature about the corals in the Mediterranean Sea is that it has both species found in Arctic water, as well as species found in tropical waters, so it’s really a good mix of species here. There’s also a few species that are endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, but not very many.
Even with 200 coral species in the Mediterranean Sea, there are very few reefs, and coral species are instead found much more scattered than they would be in reef aggregations. However, big coral structures are still responsible for creating habitats for several species of invertebrates, fish, and microorganisms. This is done by providing shelter and food for the animals.
Astroides calycularisin, one of the coral species found in the Mediterranean Sea. Photo by Manfred Werner, published with CC BY-SA 3.0.
Sadly 13 % of the anthozoan species (this includes most coral-building species) in the Mediterranean Sea are threatened with extinction, including two endemic species. Many of the species are also in the category “Data deficient” because we know very little about them. The biggest perpetrator for the coral species seem to be unsustainable fishing techniques such as bottom trawling and towed dredges, but things like rising sea temperatures, pollution, and invasive species also plays a part in the threat.
It’s worth keeping in mind that a lot of the deeper water areas in the Mediterranean Sea are unexplored, and it seems likely that we might be able to find more mesophotic or deep-water coral reefs if we begin to look more closely for them.
Sources
- Corriero, G., Pierri, C., Mercurio, M., Marzano, C. N., Tarantini, S. O., Gravina, M. F., ... & Giangrande, A. (2019). A Mediterranean mesophotic coral reef built by non-symbiotic scleractinians. Scientific reports, 9(1), 3601.
- The report The corals of the Mediterranean by Oceana. It can be downloaded from https://oceana.org/reports/corals-mediterranean. It’s a great report that does not really require scientific background in the same way that a research paper does, so check it out.
- Otero, M. D. M., Numa, C., Bo, M., Orejas, C., Garrabou, J., Cerrano, C., ... & Linares, C. (2017). Overview of the conservation status of Mediterranean anthozoa. IUCN.
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I hope you enjoyed reading about the newly discovered mesophotic coral reef in Italy, and the organisms found there. As always, feel free to leave any questions or comments below.
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