The first DNA data storage system

When we began to explore the universe on microscopic scales, we discovered something curious, nature itself already has extremely efficient systems for storing and processing information, long before computers existed, life already did it, and now scientists are trying to use exactly that mechanism to store digital data. The evolution of data storage always followed the same path, floppy disks became CDs, CDs became hard drives and today almost everything is stored in gigantic data centers spread across the planet, but some scientists believe that the future of information may lie within molecules. Researchers at the University of Missouri in the United States announced the creation of the first DNA data storage system that can be rerecorded, functioning in a similar way to a digital hard drive. The idea may seem like something out of a movie, but the concept has existed since 1959, with physicist Richard Feynman suggesting that information could be stored on a molecular scale, the reason is simple, since DNA is one of the densest storage systems that exist in nature. While traditional computers use sequences of zeros and ones, DNA stores information with four chemical letters A, C, G and T, the bases that form the genetic code.

By converting digital data into these molecular sequences, researchers manage to store files within chains of synthetic DNA and the capacity is impressive. In theory, all the data produced by humanity could fit inside a single shoebox if it were stored in DNA. In addition, the material can remain stable for thousands of years in suitable conditions, consuming practically zero energy, unlike current data centers that require enormous amounts of electricity to keep servers running. The big problem until now was that this type of storage was permanent, once the data was recorded in the DNA, there was no way to edit it or reuse the molecule, that made it a useful definitive file, only for long-term conservation, it was exactly that limitation that the new research tried to solve. The team developed a method that allows information stored in DNA to be erased and overwritten, transforming this biological medium into something similar to a rewritable hard drive. To recover the data, the researchers use a molecular sensor called a nanopore. When the DNA strand passes through that microscopic detector, it generates small electrical variations that the software interprets, converting the chemical sequences back into zeros and ones and finally into the original digital file.

According to scientists, the goal now is to miniaturize the entire system. In the long term, they imagine a molecular storage device the size of a pen drive. If that happens, the impact could be enormous, because instead of huge data centers consuming energy and occupying entire buildings, perhaps in the future our digital memories can be stored inside something much smaller, a molecule. These investigations show that innovation does not always emerge only from large laboratories or research centers, it often appears when someone needs to solve a very specific real-life problem.

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